The L141 mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 2948607. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29: 359365. Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. This is achieved by comparing the haplotypes through the STR markers. Nature 2010; 466: 238242. This group has been linked with the Crypto-Jewish population which fled to the island during the time of the Spanish Inquisition, of which a significant portion are identifiable as G-Z725 (DYS388=13). Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. RV and DMB thank the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research for FP7 Ecogene grant 205419. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ et al. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. The coalescence age estimate of 9400 years for P16 coincides with the early Holocene (Supplementary Table S4). Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. The G-M286 subclade (M286+) is small compared with G-L91. The most commonly occurring subclades are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), G2a1 (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), G2a2b2a (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); G2a2b1 (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; G2b1 (G-M377), formerly G2b. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. G2a2b2a is also found in India. ASD0 is the average squared difference in the number of repeats between all current chromosomes of a sample and the founder haplotype, which is estimated as the median of current haplotypes. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 485493. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined. Google Scholar. The identities of the specific 19 loci that define the STR haplotypes are reported in Supplementary Table S3 and Figure 4 legend. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 855863. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. and JavaScript. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. JD and JC were supported by ANR program AFGHAPOP No BLAN07-9_222301. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. Its members include "tzi",[citation needed] the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years BP in the European Alps. L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. P257 was first reported in 2008. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG : Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. Principal component analysis based on G sub-haplogroup frequencies was performed using the freeware POPSTR program (http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/). The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. Correspondence to Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. The Caucasus are today mainly the countries of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and southwestern Russia. Notably no basal G-M201*, Page94*(xM285, P287) chromosomes were detected in our data set. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. It is notable that tzi the 5300-year-old Alpine mummy was derived for the L91 SNP and his autosomal affinity was nearest to modern Sardinians.28, The G2a2-M286 lineage is very rare, so far detected only in some individuals in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1825518259. Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. The SNP L177 (a.k.a. Digora, North Ossetia has the highest known concentration of G in a single city, as 74% of the tested men were G.[14] Haplogroup G is found as far east as northern China in small percentages where G can reach more substantial percentages in minority groups such as the Uyghurs. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in Turkey and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). It is provided at the request of readers. Samples from persons with British Isles, Sicilian and Turkish ancestry have been identified. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. It has an extremely low frequency in modern populations, except (i) Iran and its western neighbors, and (ii) a region straddling south Central Siberia (Russia) and northern Kazakhstan. PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. Google Scholar. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. Cinnioglu C, King R, Kivisild T et al. The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site, near Les Planes d'Hostoles, in Catalonia, Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 5000 BCE. Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM et al. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. . The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. MH and MHS are thankful to the National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran, and the National Research Institute for Science policy, Tehran, Iran, for providing the samples. In contrast to its widely dispersed sister clade defined by P303, hg G-M406 has a peak frequency in Cappadocia, Mediterranean Anatolia and Central Anatolia (67%) and it is not detected in most other regions with considerable P303 frequency. Artefactual values below 0% values were not depicted. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. Forensic Sci Int-Gen 2007; 1: 287290. To obtain The highest reported concentration of G1 and its subclades in a single country is in Iran, with next most frequent concentrations in neighboring countries to the west. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. G1-M285, previously described in the Iranian population . Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. Hg G is most common in the Caucasus with a maximum frequency exceeding 70% in North Ossetians,2, 3 decreasing to 13% in Iran4 and then rapidly dissipating further eastward. Although not exceeding 3% frequency overall, haplogroup G1-M285 reflects a branching event that is phylogenetically equivalent to the more widespread companion G2-P287 branch in the sense that both branches coalesce directly to the root of G-M201. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of haplogroup G-M201 by considering those locations containing both G1-M285- and G2-P287-related lineages as well as the co-occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. The 12f2a mutation, which characterizes haplogroup J, was observed in 445 subjects. On the other hand, G2a3-M485-associated lineages, or more precisely its G2a3b-P303-derived branch, represent the most common assemblage, whereas the paraphyletic G2a3-M485* lineages display overall low occurrence in the Near/Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. Internet Explorer). The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. The new phylogenetic and phylogeographic information provides additional insights into the demographic history and migratory events in Eurasia involving hg G. The present study comprises data from 98 populations totaling 17577 individuals, of which 1472 were members of hg G. The haplogroup frequency data are presented in Supplementary Table S1. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. G2a2b1 so far has seldom surfaced in northern Africa or southern Asia, but represents a small percentage of the G population in the Caucasus Mountains region and in Iran. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. Population codes: Baltics (Blt), Belarusians (Blr), Poles (Pol), Ukrainians (Ukr), northern Russians (NRu), southern and central Russians (SRu), Circum-Uralic (CUr), Germans (Ger), Central Europeans (CE), Iberians (Ibr), French (Fra), Sardinians (Srd), Corsica (Cor), Sicilians (Sic), Italians (Ita), Switzerlands (Swi), Western Balkans (WB), Romanians (Rmn), Bulgarians (Bul), Crete (Crt), Greeks (Grc), Anatolian Greeks (AG), Egyptians (Egy), Near/Middle Easterners (ME), Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), Sephardic Jews (SJ), Arabian Peninsula (AP), Palestinians (Pal), Druze (Drz), Western Turks (WTu), Central Turks (CTu), Eastern Turks (ETu), Iranians (Irn), Abkhazians (Abh), Armenians (Arm), Georgians (Grg), South Ossetians (SOs), Iranian Azeris (Azr), Abazins (Aba), Adyghes (Ady), Balkars (Blk), Cherkessians (Crk), Kabardins (Kab), Karachays (Kar), Kuban Nogays (Nog), North Ossetians (NOs), Chamalals (Cha), Ingushes (Ing), Kumyks (Kum), Central Asians (CA), Pakistani (Pak). The M201 SNP mutation that characterizes haplogroup G was identified at Stanford University and was first reported in 2001. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al. [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 707717. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. It was found with burial artifacts belonging to the Linearbandkeramische Kultur ("Linear Band Ceramic Culture"; LBK). Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J : Improved resolution haplogroup G phylogeny in the Y chromosome, revealed by a set of newly characterized SNPs. Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret, L177, later discarded in favour of PF3359 and equivalent SNPs, was first identified at. A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). However, its sub-clades have more localized distribution with the U1-defined branch largely restricted to Near/Middle Eastern and the Caucasus, whereas L497 lineages essentially occur in Europe where they likely originated. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages.