Bunsenges. phys. ; Johnson, W.H. ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., Soc., 1948, 70, 1502-1505. Nauk, 1962, SSSR 142, 1335-1338. Heat capacities and densities of mixtures of very polar substances 2. Izv. In his 1890 paper, Armstrong represented benzene nuclei within polycyclic benzenoids by placing inside the benzene nuclei a letter "C", an abbreviation of the word "centric". ; Simonov, V.M. [all data], Ahlberg, Blanchard, et al., 1937 Commun., 1979, 44, 3529-3532. Ahlberg, J.E. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. [all data], Rajagopal and Subrahmanyam, 1974 [all data], Grolier, Inglese, et al., 1982 ; Daniels, F., The specific heat capacity is the heat or energy required to change one unit mass of a substance of a constant volume by 1 C. to the boiling point, Reddy, K.S., Thermodynamic properties of benzene, The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene. Cp values given for the pressure range 0.1 to 68.1 MPa. Specific heat of liquids. Acad. ; Daniels, A.C., In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of its pleasant smell. When gasoline burns, the benzene reacts with oxygen. The thermal analysis clearly ensures the enhancement in case of benzene added water upward spray, and the achieved average heat flux is 1.78 MW m 2. [citation needed], Several tests can determine exposure to benzene. Benzene: Patient information sheet, "Drinking Water Contaminants | Organic Chemicals | Benzene", "Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations", "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction", "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept. For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry. Eng. The affected batches were removed from sale. Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. Soc., 1925, 47, 1-9. Data, 1969, 14, 102-106. Ser. [65] More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene. In 1870, the German chemist . Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. Ethylbenzene Formula: C 8 H 10 Molecular weight: 106.1650 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS Registry Number: 100-41-4 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of benzene 1.C.C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1.C.C. [all data], Kalali, Kohler, et al., 1987 Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008 Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid. As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the recommended (8-hour) exposure limit of 0.1 ppm.[84]. The flow rates of the hot and cold stream in the preheaters are equal. Benzene depletion in a laminar premixed flat stoichiometric low-pressure methane/air/benzene (1.5%) flame was investigated using a recently developed kinetic model that has been tested for low-pressure combustion of acetylene, ethylene, and benzene.Experimental flame structures of two stoichiometric methane/air flames (v =34.2 cm s 1, 5.33 kPa) with and without the addition of 1.5% of . Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure (narcotic effects) - Category 3 - Narcotic effect. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? Pressions maxima des vapeurs du benzene et du cyclohexane aux temperatures moyennes et calcul de leurs chaleurs specifiques principales, Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. [all data], Duff and Everett, 1956 Energy released when benzene converts from 100oC to 80oC (in this range it is gas as temperature>Boiling . [20] In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named the substance "phne";[21] this word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H) from benzene. Heat capacity of benzene at high pressures, Chat now for more business. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Curr. In addition to the standard 4 confined space gases which include combustibles, O2, CO, & H2S, the GX-6000 has 2 additional smart channels that accept . Have definite shape (resist deformation) 2. ber das Verdampfungsgleichgewicht Benzol-1-2-Dichloraethan, Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the Picker flow calorimeter, The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used. Soc., 1926, 48, 1274-1287. of Health and Human Services: TR-289: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene, NLM Hazardous Substances Databank Benzene, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene&oldid=1139445886, potential occupational carcinogen, flammable. After exposure to 63 to 405mg/m3 of benzene for 1 to 5 hours, 51 to 87% was excreted in the urine as phenol over a period of 23 to 50 hours. Benzene: 0.085: 2.7: 4.0: 1460: Hexane: . ), 1977, C9-1-C9-4. Excess heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures determined with a Picker flow calorimeter, Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. Zhur. Maleic anhydride is widely used in resins, coating, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, agricultural products, and plastics. [all data], Naziev, Bashirov, et al., 1986 Report I. Short Commun. In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO2+), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids. J. The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. See, The word "benzoin" is derived from the Arabic expression ", Laurent, Auguste (1836) "Sur la chlorophnise et les acides chlorophnisique et chlorophnsique,". In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is approximately 90% p-xylene. Calorimetry (Lect. Data compilation copyright Under these conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons form rings and lose hydrogen to become aromatic hydrocarbons. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. The specific heats of binary mixtures, Heat capacities at constant volume, free volumes, and rotational freedom in some liquids, NQ01 mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased detoxification. Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 1183-1189. Ann. A mixture of 54.5 mol% benzene in chlorobenzene at its bubble point is fed continuously to the bottom plate of a column containing two equilibrium plates, with a partial reboiler and a total condenser. STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure, Heat (enthalpy) of sublimation, at 42F/5.85C, Specific heat capacity, Cp (solid) at 32F/0C, log KOW (Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient), Specific Gravity (liquid) (relativ to water), Standard molar entropy, S (solid), at 1 bara. All rights reserved. It is highly recommended to seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. OSHA has also established an action level of 0.5 ppm to encourage even lower exposures in the workplace.[87]. Explain how the vaporization of a liquid is affected by increasing the: a. Isotopic effect in the specific heat of some deutero compounds, The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture (or reformate) by extraction with any one of a number of solvents, including diethylene glycol or sulfolane, and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation. Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by Excess heat capacities for mixture of benzene with n-heptane at 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K, Chem., 1951, 198, 263-269. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. [57] The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond description involves a superposition of resonance structures. uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Hydrogen chloride gas. Obshch. Richards, W.T. [all data], Deshpande and Bhatagadde, 1971 Specific Heat of Benzene, Specific Heat of C6H6. [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 Via hydrogenation, benzene and its derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives. [18][19] In 1833, Eilhard Mitscherlich produced it by distilling benzoic acid (from gum benzoin) and lime. [all data], Recko, 1968 We don't save this data. [all data], Rabinovich and Nikolaev, 1962 London, 1933, 45, 194-207. [70] Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of derivatizing benzene. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. National Library of Medicine. An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) at 10C is fed continuously to a vessel in which the mixture is heated to 50C. [all data], Burlew, 1940 and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. Copper standard solution,CAS Number:7440-50-8,Specification:50mL National Institute of Standards and Temperature b. Specific Hazards Arising from the Chemical Flammable. Heats of formation and chemical compositions . The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of 2,3-dimethylbutane + butane and + toluene, Benzene (CAS 71-43-2) 1 Carcinogenic to humans. Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table', "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars", "A Crystallographic Study of Solid Benzene by Neutron Diffraction", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, "Electronic structure of the benzene molecule", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING' (U+232C)", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING WITH CIRCLE' (U+23E3)", "Heterocyclic Chemistry: Heterocyclic Compounds", "A pervasive molecule is captured in a photograph", "Market Study: Benzene (2nd edition), Ceresana, August 2014", "Market Study: Toluene, Ceresana, January 2015", "Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants From Mobile Sources", "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? Coll. Chem., 1987, 118, 1-18. BENZENE BNZ CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATION Common Synonyms Watery liquid Colorless Gasoline-like odor Floats on water. [all data], Atalla, El-Sharkawy, et al., 1981 These include cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), quinine oxidoreductase (NQ01 or DT-diaphorase or NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)), GSH, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). [77] The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human carcinogen. ; Khan, V.H., ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein Advertisement Advertisement New questions in Physics. [all data], Andrews, Lynn, et al., 1926 Benzene, C6H6, is a clear colorless to light-yellow liquid, flammable with a petroleum-like, aromatic odor. [all data], Tschamler, 1948 NQ01 metabolizes benzoquinone toward polyphenols (counteracting the effect of MPO). +4 A piece of aluminum metal at an initial temperature of 97.3C was placed in a calorimeter containing 49.0g of water at an initial temperature of 22.0C. Recko, W.M., In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics. [all data], Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. A. Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene. DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr. de Kolossowsky, N.A. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94]. J. Chem. In the body, benzene is enzymatically converted to a series of oxidation products including muconic acid, phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. Benzene is less dense thanwaterand is slightly soluble inwater. ), pp. Benzene itself can be measured in breath, blood or urine, but such testing is usually limited to the first 24 hours post-exposure due to the relatively rapid removal of the chemical by exhalation or biotransformation. Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. Data, 1985, 30, 267-269. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. The two were allowed to come to thermal equilibrium and the final temperature was 24.1C. [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. J. Chem. If gloves are worn, PVA, butyl rubber and viton are suitable materials. Zhur. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Monatsh. Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. Aust. [all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1987 Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons. The idea is used in fireworks to produce the colour. Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. The title compound, C18H16N2O2, is a precusor for the synthesis of polyimides. Zaved. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) revised the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration for benzene to 500 ppm. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. ; Smith, N.K., This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel. [all data], Tanaka, 1985 Contact. According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 4450% of the total U.S benzene production.[52]. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.[15]. Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. ; Kohler, F., Excess molar isobaric heat capacities and isentropic compressibilities of (cis- or trans-decalin + benzene or toluene or iso-octane or n-heptane) at 298.15 K, ; Nagano, Y., Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C () to represent it with three double bonds,[62] and U+23E3 () for a delocalized version.[63]. Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. Charles Mansfield filed for (November 11, 1847) and received (May 1848) a patent (no. ; Hepler, L.G., You will need these items: T-shirt Ironing board Iron Wax paper Towel or rag Step 1: [71] Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst. Chem. Data compiled as indicated in comments: The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride. Am. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Hence it floats onwater. Benzene is hepatically metabolized and excreted in the urine. Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) InChI InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 InChI Key YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formula C8H10 SMILES CCc1ccccc1 Molecular Weight 1 106.17 CAS 100-41-4 Other Names .alpha.-methyltoluene Aethylbenzol Benzene, ethyl- EB Ethylbenzeen Ethylbenzol Etilbenzene Etylobenzen NCI-C56393 NSC 406903 : Molwarme des Systems 1,2-Dibromathan-Benzol, Benzoic acid and its salts undergo decarboxylation to benzene. Vys. [44][45] Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns. There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. J. Chem. Substance Specific heat capacity (J/g C) lead 0.128 silver 0.235 copper 0.385 iron 0.449 aluminum 0.903 water 4.184 An unknown substance has a mass of 14.5 g.14.5 g. The temperature of the substance increases by 15.3 C15.3 C when 85.4 J85.4 J of heat is added to the substance. A.1.89 103 J B.54.4 J C. 840 J D.2.08 10-2 J E. 48.1 J C. 840 J [A 100-W lightbulb is placed in a cylinder equipped with a moveable piston. Diffuse through otherliquids 6. ; Extrapolation below 90 K, 47.49 J/mol*K.; p = 0.1 MPa. As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced it as the most widely used antiknock additive. ; Everett, D.H., When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. [96], The paradigm of toxicological assessment of benzene is shifting towards the domain of molecular toxicology as it allows understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms in a better way. Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage. The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Benzene Formula:C6H6 Molecular weight:78.1118 IUPAC Standard InChI:InChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6HCopy IUPAC Standard InChIKey:UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-NCopy CAS Registry Number:71-43-2 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol fileor as a computed3d SD file The 3d structure may be viewed using Javaor Javascript. Andrews, D.H.; Lynn, G.; Johnston, J., Excess volumes and excess heaat capacitiies of some mixtures with trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene at 298.15K, on behalf of the United States of America. [citation needed]. [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. J. ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. Studies on the heat capacities at low temperature. 80.0C Boiling Point Melting Point Heat of Vaporization: Heat of Fusion 10.0C 10.0 kJ/mol 30.0 kJ/mol 100.0 J/mol K 90.0 J/mol K 70.0 J/mol K heat capacity . Chem. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It also shows the saturation pressure with changes in temperature. The specific heats and latent heats of fusion of ice and of several organic compounds,